Shantungosaurus

Saturday, April 1, 2017

Shantungosaurus by PaleoGuy on DeviantArt

Shantungosaurus, meaning “Shandong Lizard”, is a genus of saurolophine hadrosaurid dinosaurs found in the Late Cretaceous Wangshi Group of the Shandong Peninsula in China. The stratigraphic interval of Shantungosaurus ranges from the top of the Xingezhuang Formation to the middle of the Hongtuya Formation, middle to late Campanian in age. Shantungosaurus is so far the largest hadrosauroid taxon in the world: the greatest length of its femur is about 1.7 m, and the greatest length of its humerus is about 0.97 m.

Shantungosaurus giganteus is one of the largest known ornithischians, the type skull is 1.63 metres (5.3 ft) long and the composite skeleton mounted at the Geological Institute of China in Beijing measures 14.7 metres (48 ft) in length while another mounted skeleton, originally referred to “Zhuchengosaurus maximus”, measures 16.6 metres (54 ft) in length. The largest individuals may have weighted as much as 16 tonnes (18 short tons). Like all hadrosaurs its beak was toothless, but its jaws were packed with around 1,500 tiny chewing teeth. A large hole near its nostrils may have been covered by a loose flap of skin, which could be inflated to make sounds.

Shantungosaurus (blue) compared with other giant ornithopods. Scale diagram of the largest known ornithopod dinosaurs, compared in size with a human. Each grid section represents 1 square meter. Blue: Shantungosaurus giganteus (type specimen). Red: Magnapaulia laticaudus (LACM 17712). Violet: Anatosaurus annectens (specimen MOR 003). Green: Edmontosaurus regalis (specimen USNM 12711). Adapted from illustrations and scale diagrams by ArthurWeasley, Dropzink, and Prieto-Márquez et al. 2012

First described in 1973, Shantungosaurus is known from over five incomplete skeletons. Chinese scientist Xing Xu and his colleagues indicate that Shantungosaurus is very similar to and shares many unique characters with Edmontosaurus, forming an Asian node of an EdmontosaurusShantungosaurus clade, based on the new materials recovered in Shandong. Remains of several individuals, including skull bones, limb bones, and vertebrae, were found in Shandong, China. These specimens were classified in the new genus and species Zhuchengosaurus maximus in 2007. However, further study showed that the supposedly distinct features of Zhuchengosaurus were simply a result of different growth stages.

Restored skeletons

Recent maximum parsimony analyses of Hadrosauroidea recovered a stable sister group relationship between Edmontosaurus and ShantungosaurusShantungosaurus is the single hadrosaurid from the Zhucheng area that is considered valid. Zhuchengosaurus and Huaxiaosaurus, both of which are known from the same region, are interpreted here as junior synonyms of Shantungosaurus. All unequivocal morphological discrepancies among these three taxa could be attributed to intraspecific variation (ontogenetic and polymorphic variation) and post-depositional distortion.