nandi's blog

Scientists Say Dinosaur Fossils Found in Colorado are those of a 68 Million Years Old Triceratops

Sunday, June 23, 2019

Highland Ranch fossils dinosaur discovery

Several weeks ago, construction workers digging near a Denver, Colorado, retirement home made a startling discovery: dinosaur bones.

Paleontologists from the Denver Museum of Nature and Science quickly got to work identifying the partial skeleton found in Highlands Ranch, a short drive south of Denver.

Now, they say it was an adult triceratops buried in the bedrock -- and the fossils were 68 million years old.

"It's always exciting to get a call about possible fossils, and I can't wait to share more details as we continue to dig," Tyler Lyson said, according to the museum's press release.

"Finds like this, while relatively rare, are a great reminder of how dynamic our planet is and how much more there is out there to discover."

Believe it or not, Denver is a fossil hotspot, especially when it comes to Triceratops.

Triceratops fossils found in Colorado are 68 million years old | fox5sandiego.com

In 2017, horned dinosaur fossils were uncovered at Thornton, a Denver construction site, and were revealed to belong to a Triceratops relative, the Torosaurus.

Ever wonder why the Colorado Rockies sport a Barney lookalike as their mascot? Back when Coors' Field was under construction, an unidentified fossil was discovered there, too.

Scientists say the possibility of unearthing more fossils runs very high.

Now, the construction crews are working hand in hand with scientists to further explore the site in search of more fossil finds.

Source: https://edition.cnn.com

Hue Times Two: A Second Look at the Color of Dinosaur Eggs

Saturday, June 22, 2019

From front to back: an emu egg, a eumaniraptoran theropod egg, and a crocodile egg (Photo credit: Jasmina Wiemann)

After garnering worldwide attention last year for her research on the origins of egg color in birds, Yale paleontologist Jasmina Wiemann has taken a second look at her eggshells.

Wiemann had found that all colors and spots on modern birds’ eggs derived from a single evolutionary source among dinosaurs. Part of the finding came from an analysis of pigments found in 18 fossil dinosaur eggshell samples from around the world. Wiemann’s team tested for the presence of two eggshell pigments and found them in eggshells belonging to Eumaniraptoran dinosaurs, which include small, carnivorous dinosaurs such as Velociraptor.

But a lingering question within the scientific community had to do with whether pigments found in the shells of dinosaur eggs actually meant the eggs looked different to the naked eye. A certain level of pigment may have existed in the chemical make-up of the shells without manifesting in the outward color of the eggs, some observers noted.

A new, follow-up study published the week of June 20 in the journal Nature indicates that Wiemann’s initial conclusion was correct.

“We demonstrate that our analytical approach actually targets egg color and not only egg pigmentation, as we need substantial concentrations of the red pigment, protoporphyrin, to elicit a positive signal for egg color,” Wiemann said. “The result is the same. Egg color had a single evolutionary origin in eumaniraptorans.”

A previous study by a different research team had analyzed pigmentation in the eggshells of Siamese crocodiles. That study speculated that pigmentation, but not egg color, may have originated with archosaurs (a group that includes dinosaurs, birds, and crocodiles).

“We had the opportunity to directly address their question and test — thanks to the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History’s egg collection — if there is, indeed, evidence for the red pigment in Siamese crocodile eggshells,” Wiemann said. “We showed that there are no detectable quantities of protoporphyrin in the eggshells of Siamese crocodiles.”

Source: https://news.yale.edu

14 Ferociously Cool Amazon Buys for Your Dino-Loving Kid

Saturday, June 22, 2019

Preschoolers Love Dinos. Getty Images

Kids love dinosaurs. With shows like Netflix’s Dino Trux and classic film franchises, Jurassic World and Land Before Time available to stream, children’s love for dinosaurs will never become extinct.

What’s not to love? Giant animals that stomp around and have big roars — even adults have become obsessed. An interest in the prehistoric is actually a great thing for your child. A love for dinosaurs increases their attention span, processing skills, and knowledge. Here are 14 gifts to help fuel your child’s imagination and love for dinosaurs.

1. 3D Dinosaur Night Light ($21): This 3D remote controlled night light will have your kid looking forward to bedtime.

2. The Dinosaur Book ($16): Take their dinosaur knowledge to the next level with this prehistoric encyclopedia. They’ll learn more about their favorite dinos and get to know other really cool animals too.

3. Kidtastic Dinosaur Construct and Play ($19): This 106-piece toy set is great for a playdate activity.

4. Fingerlings Untamed T-Rex ($13): What kid wouldn’t want their own pet dinosaur? This little guy reacts to sound, motion and touch giving your child a lifelike buddy that fits right on their finger.

5. Exercise and Play Dinosaur Play Set ($16): This 52-piece playset comes with a playmat, dinosaur eggs, and dinosaurs, aka everything your little one needs to imagine they’re living in prehistoric times.

6. Ultimate Dino Dig ($14): This activity is great for our homeschoolers. Your child can dig up a genuine T-Rex fossil and then assemble it.

7. Dinosaur Print Duvet Cover Set ($69): Instead of counting sheep, count dinosaurs instead.

8. Cartoon Dinosaur School Backpack ($15): This retro dinosaur backpack will be all the rage on the playground.

9. Tiny T. Rex and the Impossible Hug ($11): This tiny story is perfect for your tiny human.

10. T-Rex Dino Hoodie Top ($24): They never have to stop playing dress-up with this spiked hooded top.

11. Kerplunk! Jurassic World Edition ($19): Family game night just got more fun. Don’t let the Raptors fall!

12. Creativity for Kids Create with Clay Dinosaurs ($14): Unlock your child’s creativity with this clay kit that gives you everything you need to create colorful dinosaurs.

13. Dinosaur Activity Book ($6): Activity books are great for long car rides or to keep your little one occupied while you take a parental break.

14. Hiitave Kids Water Shoes ($12): Stomp or splash around in these lightweight anti-slip pool socks.

These are Amazon affiliate links to promote products sold by others and we may earn some incentive, but always offers genuine recommendations.

Source: www.brit.co

Train Your Own Velociraptor w/ this $80 Jurassic World Robotic Dino ($50 off)

Friday, June 21, 2019

Amazon is currently offering the Jurassic World Alpha Training Robotic Blue Dinosaur for $79.99 shipped. Having just dropped from $130, that’s good for a $50 discount and is a new all-time low.

At other retailers like Target, you’ll find it sells for upwards of $170. This robotic Blue velociraptor from Jurassic World can be put into four different modes that all offer plenty of interactivity and play potential. It’s equipped with a variety of sensors to respond to various interactions. So if you’ve ever wanted to train your own pet dinosaur, this is as close as you’ll get until real-world Jurassic Park opens. Rated 4.2/5 stars.

A great way to bring home some prehistoric action is with LEGO’s Jurassic World T. rex Transport Kit at $56. Those looking to show off their love of dinosaurs will find this set to be a nice way to accent your desk with Jurassic World goodness. 

Jurassic World Robotic Blue Dinosaur features:

Get ready for thrilling action and adventure with Jurassic World! Now you can train your very ow realistic, interactive dinosaur wit Alpha Trainin Blue, based on Velocirapto Blue, the fan-favorite character from Jurassic World. Using a remote controller, much like the clicker Owe uses in Jurassic World, you learn how to train, control and play with you responsive, lifelike Velociraptor. This fully interactive dinosaur has 4 modes of exciting play: Training Mode, Guard Mode, RC Mode and Total Control Mode.

Source: https://9to5toys.com

Researchers: Mammals and Their Relatives Thrived, Diversified During So-Called ‘Age of Dinosaurs,’

Friday, June 21, 2019

Illustration of Didelphodon, a marsupial relative from the Late Cretaceous with the strongest pound-for-pound bite force of any known mammal.Misaki Ouchida

Paleontologists are trying to dispel a myth about what life was like when dinosaurs roamed the Earth. The false narrative has wormed its way into books, lectures and even scientific papers about this long-ago era.

The myth’s focus isn’t on dinosaurs. Its main characters are ancient mammals and their relatives, which together are known as mammaliaforms. According to the myth, a world crowded with dinosaurs left little room for mammaliaforms. As a result, mammals and their kin remained tiny, mouse-like and primitive. The myth posits that mammals didn’t evolve diverse shapes, diets, behaviors and ecological roles until the K-Pg mass extinction event 66 million years ago killed off the dinosaurs and “freed up” space for mammals.

“This is a very old idea, which makes it very hard to defeat,” said David Grossnickle, a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Biology at the University of Washington. “But this view of mammaliaforms simply doesn’t stand up to what we and others have found recently in the fossil record.”

Grossnickle is the lead and corresponding author of a review article published June 19 in Trends in Ecology & Evolution that summarizes the latest fossil evidence for an alternative view: Mammals and their relatives have actually undergone three significant “ecological radiations” in their history. In evolutionary biology, a radiation occurs when a particular lineage invades and adapts to new ecological niches. In each of the radiations discussed in the review, mammaliaforms diversified from insect-chomping, rodent-like ancestors and adapted to a variety of ecological niches. New species arose that, for example, could climb, glide or burrow — and ate more specialized diets of meat, leaves or shellfish.

Two of these three ecological radiations of mammailaforms occurred during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods when dinosaurs were thriving, according to Grossnickle and co-authors Stephanie Smith of the Field Museum in Chicago and Greg Wilson, a UW associate professor of biology and curator of vertebrate paleontology at the UW’s Burke Museum of Natural History & Culture.

The co-authors summarize the three ecological radiations, each of which involved different groups of mammaliaforms:

  • The oldest mammaliaform ecological radiation ran from 190 to 163 million years ago in the early-to-mid Jurassic Period — amid the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea — and involved the first true mammals and their closest relatives.
  • A second ecological radiation of mammals began 90 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous Period, shortly after flowering plants evolved, and ended at the K-Pg mass extinction event 66 million years ago.
  • The Paleocene-Eocene radiation began 66 million years ago around the time of the K-Pg event and ended about 34 million years ago, and led to the establishment of all the major lineages of placental and marsupial mammals alive today.

Each ecological radiation generated new varieties of mammaliaforms from more primitive, insect-eating, rodent-like ancestors. Many of the diverse forms that arose during the Jurassic and Cretaceous resemble species alive today, such as badgers, flying squirrels and even anteaters. But these dinosaur-era mammaliaforms are not the direct ancestors of their modern counterparts.

“These same ecological adaptations — for gliding, climbing, eating diverse diets — have evolved repeatedly in the history of mammals and their close relatives,” said Grossnickle.

Mammaliaforms that arose during the Jurassic radiation included the semi-aquatic, beaver-like CastorocaudaMaiopatagium, which likely resembled today’s flying squirrels; and the tree-climbing Henkelotherium. These lineages died out by the mid-Cretaceous Period — a time of general decline for early mammals and their relatives, likely due to climate change and the relatively rapid turnover of whole ecosystems.

The Late Cretaceous ecological radiation followed this period of decline, and saw the rise of new forms of mammals. These included the badger-sized Didelphodon, a marsupial relative with the strongest pound-for-pound bite force of any known mammal, as well as Vintana, a herbivore with some skull features similar to sloths. These diverse groups of mammals perished alongside dinosaurs in the K-Pg mass extinction.

Illustration of Alphadon, a small marsupial relative from the Cretaceous Period. Alphadon is representative of the type of small, primarily insect-eating ancestors of the three major ecological radiations of mammaliaforms — giving rise to lineages that have diverse diets and forms of locomotion.Misaki Ouchida

“The presence of this diversity of mammaliaforms in the Jurassic and Cretaceous overturns a classical interpretation of how mammals evolved,” said Wilson. “This new interpretation was really made possible by new fossil discoveries over the past two decades in places like China and Madagascar.”

The Paleocene-Eocene radiation of mammals, which began around the time of the K-Pg event, generated the ancestors of today’s marsupial and placental mammals – from kangaroos and zebras to blue whales and humans. This radiation’s strong connection to today’s mammals may explain how the myth arose that mammals remained static and primitive in the time of the dinosaurs, according to Grossnickle.

“But focusing on the Paleocene-Eocene radiation gives a distorted view of the history of mammals,” said Grossnickle. “It ignores many of the other groups of mammals and their relatives that were diversifying millions of years before then.”

Fossil discoveries over the past quarter century support the view summarized by Grossnickle and co-authors. Dinosaur-era mammaliaforms that were once known by only a single tooth or a few bone fragments are now represented by more-complete skeletons, which show the diversity in body shape, size, locomotion and diet.

“Now we can start to see the huge diversity of mammals and their relatives who lived alongside the dinosaurs,” said Grossnickle.

Source: www.washington.edu

Ammonite Mine Near Lethbridge Unearths Mosasaur Fossil

Friday, June 21, 2019

A Mosasaur on display at the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in Drumheller, Alta.  Courtesy Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology

An ammonite mine in southern Alberta dug up something a little more unusual recently -- a sea lizard from about 75 million years ago. Jasmine Bala has more on the discovery.

An ammonite mine in southern Alberta dug up something a little more unusual recently: a sea lizard from about 75 million years ago.

Workers at a Lethbridge-operated mine in Cardston County were digging for ammonite when they hit the fossil.

“We just scraped to find the ammonite and as we were scraping, we found a big rock formation, a concretion that was very irregular,” said Michael Shideler, the manager of the Enchanted Designs mine that found the fossil.

“It’s not what we usually find. So we kind of assumed it was from the Cretaceous period, some prehistoric animal.”

Miners discover fossil of 70 million year old 'sea monster' in mine near Lethbridge

The miners called the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, which confirmed it was a marine reptile called the Mosasaur.

“[It] would have lived at about the same time as dinosaurs, except instead of walking on land, it would have been swimming around in the sea at that time,” said Dan Spivak, head of the resource management program at the museum.

The sea lizard, Spivak said, is thought to be closely related to animals like the Komodo dragon today. Workers at the ammonite mine uncovered the reptile’s skull and about eight feet of its back bone – a relatively rare find.

An illustration of Tylosaurus, a genus of Mosasaur, by Julius T. Csotonyi.  Courtesy Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology

“It’s really the skulls that tell us exactly what it is that we found and even give us hints as to what they might have been doing in terms of eating and living and being part of that ecosystem 72 to 74 million years ago,” said Spivak.

For the miners, this experience has been extraordinary.

“It was just something that was quite amazing to find because we don’t usually find something like this,” said Shideler.

The Mosasaur fossil will be loaded onto a truck at the mine and taken to the museum. After three to six months of preparation, the Mosasaur will either be put on display for the public or added to the museum’s research collection for paleontologists studying the reptile and its relatives.

Source: https://globalnews.ca

How Crocodiles Could Reveal More About Past Climates

Friday, June 21, 2019

Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)

Some crocodiles have a sensitive side underneath their tough skin that could shine light on our ancient climate, scientists say.

The idea of a clock inside a crocodile was imagined by JM Barrie in the story of Peter Pan.

However, instead of telling the current time, ancient crocodilians could serve as climate "clocks" -- proxies to study past climates, in a similar way to the use of tree rings and ice cores.

This is possible because scientists have discovered that some species of crocodilian were sensitive to changes in climate while others were more tolerant, according to the study published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.

Mapping the distribution of these different species using fossil remains could reveal more precise details about what the global climate was like in different locations millions of years ago.

"Our analysis suggests that crocodilians are even less of a homogenous group than previously thought and that some alligator-like reptiles were particularly good at tolerating the dramatic changes in climate that marked the end of the Eocene epoch and the beginning of the Oligocene," said Stephane Jouve from the University of Sorbonne in France.

The transition between these epochs was marked by a climatic crisis, during which temperatures plummeted, sea levels fell drastically and many plants and animals became extinct as a result.

Previous studies have suggested that crocodilians were one of the species to decline in diversity.

However, the new fossil analysis suggests that while some species did die out, others migrated to warmer waters and some managed to survive.

The coastal environment was transformed by the decline in sea level and some marine longirostrine crocodilians escaped the cold of Europe by migrating south to North Africa.

The palaeontologists suggest that Morocco could have been the platform for other marine species, in the gavialoid family, to migrate to South America.

The marine tomistomines, a family of crocodilians whose distribution once included England, progressively disappeared from north to south, as the freeze continued.

Freshwater species were not affected by sea level but some couldn't survive the rapid decline in temperatures of the late Eocene and became extinct.

The alligator-like freshwater Diplocynodon continued to survive even the lowest temperatures of the early Oligocene epoch.

Compared to the gavialoids and tomistomines, it survived a large range of latitudes, from Spain to cooler England.

 

 

Source: www.business-standard.com

Hyenas Once Lived above Arctic Circle

Thursday, June 20, 2019

An artist’s rendering of ancient Arctic hyenas belonging to the genus Chasmaporthetes. Image credit: Julius T. Csotonyi.

Paleontologists have found two fossilized teeth of extinct cursorial hyenas (genus Chasmaporthetes) in the remote Old Crow River region in northern Yukon Territory, Canada.

The newly-described fossil teeth of Chasmaporthetes hyenas are most likely between about 1.4 million and 850,000 years old, with ages more likely closer to the older figure.

“Fossils of this genus had been found in Africa, Europe and Asia, and also in the southern United States,” said Dr. Jack Tseng, a paleontologist at the University at Buffalo.

“But where and how did these animals get to North America? The teeth we studied, even though they were just two teeth, start to answer those questions.”

Ancient hyenas likely entered North America via Beringia, an area, including Alaska and Yukon Territory, that connects Asia with North America during periods of low sea levels. From there, the animals made their way south all the way to Mexico.

The newly-described teeth are important in part because they provide the first proof of ancient hyenas living in Beringia.

“It is amazing to imagine hyenas thriving in the harsh conditions above the Arctic Circle during the Ice Age,” said Dr. Grant Zazula, a paleontologist with the Canadian Museum of Nature.

Chasmaporthetes probably hunted herds of ice age caribou and horses or scavenged carcasses of mammoths on the vast steppe-tundra that stretched from Siberia to Yukon Territory.”

“Our previous understanding of where these far-ranging hyenas lived was based on fossil records in southern North America on one hand, and Asia, Europe and Africa on the other,” Dr. Tseng said.

“These rare records of hyenas in the Arctic fill in a massive gap in a location where we expected evidence of their crossing between continents, but had no proof until now.”

Hyenas disappeared from North America before the first people arrived.

Although the reasons for this extinction between one million and 500,000 years ago remain unclear, it is possible that the animals’ bone-crushing, scavenging niche was replaced by the impressive short-faced bear Arctodus simus.

The research is published in the journal Open Quaternary.

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Z.J. Tseng et al. 2019. First Fossils of Hyenas (Chasmaporthetes, Hyaenidae, Carnivora) from North of the Arctic Circle. Open Quaternary 5 (1): 6; doi: 10.5334/oq.64

Source: www.sci-news.com

Paleontologists Find Strange Microbes in Dinosaur Fossils

Friday, June 21, 2019

A fluorescence microscopy image showing lit-up modern microbes that took up residence in a Centrosaurus fossil. Image credit: Evan Saitta, Field Museum of Natural History.

In a new study published in the journal eLife, an international team of paleontologists looked for preserved collagen proteins and DNA in the fossilized bones of a horned dinosaur called Centrosaurus. They didn’t find the proteins or DNA, but they did find unusual communities of modern microbes living inside the dinosaur bones.

“This is breaking new ground — this is the first time we’ve discovered this unique microbial community in these fossil bones while they’re buried underground,” said study lead author Dr. Evan Saitta, a researcher at the Field Museum of Natural History.

During the fossilization process, biological tissues degrade over millions of years, with some types of molecules breaking down faster than others. However, traces of biological material have been found inside some fossils.

While some researchers believe these could be the remains of ancient proteins, blood vessels, and cells, traditionally thought to be among the least stable components of bone, others think that they have more recent sources.

To investigate the source of the biological material in dinosaur bones, Dr. Saitta and colleagues performed a range of analyses on the 75-million-year-old fossilized bones of Centrosaurus. The bones were carefully excavated in a manner to reduce contamination.

The scientists compared the biochemical makeup of the fossils with modern chicken bones, sediment from the fossil site in Alberta, Canada, and ancient shark teeth.

They found that the Centrosaurus fossils didn’t seem to contain the collagen proteins present in fresh bones or the much younger shark teeth.

“But we see lots of evidence of recent microbes. There’s clearly something organic in these bones,” Dr. Saitta said.

“We found non-radiocarbon dead organic carbon, recent amino acids, and DNA in the bone — that’s indicative that the bone is hosting a modern microbial community and providing refuge.”

Surprisingly, these microbes aren’t quite the same run-of-the-mill bacteria living in the surrounding rock.

“It’s a very unusual community. About 30% of the sequences are related to Euzebya, which is only reported from places like Etruscan tombs and the skin of sea cucumbers, as far as I know,” Dr. Saitta said.

“We aren’t sure why these particular microbes are living in the dinosaur bones, but we’re not shocked that bacteria are drawn to the fossils.”

“Fossil bones contain phosphorus and iron, and microbes need those as nutrients. And the bones are porous — they wick up moisture. If you were a bacterium living in the ground, you’d probably want to live in a dinosaur bone.”

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Evan T. Saitta et al. 2019. Cretaceous dinosaur bone contains recent organic material and provides an environment conducive to microbial communities. eLife 8: e46205; doi: 10.7554/eLife.46205

Source: www.sci-news.com

Torotoro National Park Dinosaur Footprints

Tuesday, June 18, 2019

Rock formations in Torotoro.

Thousands of fossilized footprints speckle this Bolivian national park.

There are plenty of things to see and do in Bolivia’s Torotoro National Park. You can trek along the numerous canyons that cut through the semi-arid landscape, the deepest reaching depths of almost 1,000 feet. You can bathe in natural swimming pools, some fed by pristine waterfalls that tumble down the canyon walls. Or you can descend into the Humajalanta Caverns, one of the deepest cave systems in the country, and explore underground lagoons filled with blind fish.

Fossils of dinosaur footprints in Torotoro.

And as you travel through the park, you’ll often stop to see another of Torotoro’s grand attractions: dinosaur footprints. So far, more than 3,500 dinosaur footprints and trackways have been found inside the park, belonging to eight different species that roamed this area in the Cretaceous Period.

Back then, of course, the landscape was entirely different. During the Cretaceous, this area was near a vast ocean inlet whose wetlands provided an ideal habitat for dinosaurs—a far cry from the arid, rugged canyons in what is now landlocked Bolivia.

As the dinosaurs migrated through these wetlands, they naturally left footprints in the mud. These dried and, to cut a very long story short, later turned into stone. The Earth’s crust then shifted over time, leaving us with the dinosaur footprints we now see in Torotoro, the oldest of which date back around 86 million years.

Torotoro Canyon

A few different groups left these footprints, which range in size from about eight to 20 inches wide. They included herbivorous sauropods, huge creatures with very large feet; armor-plated ankylosaurs with their hefty tail clubs; and carnivorous theropods with hollow bones and three-toed limbs, from which birds probably originated.

Torotoro National Park has understandably become a hotspot for paleontologists, and there’s still a lot more it can teach us about the dinosaurs. Local researchers are certain that many more dinosaur fossils and footprints are waiting to be discovered in the park, providing a potential boon to both science and, of course, tourism.

Know Before You Go

Top, left: location map of Toro Toro, Potosí Department, Bolivia, South America; right: detailed map with the main ichnological sites. Bot- tom: paleogeographical reconstruction of South America during the Late Campanian (modified from Pascual et al ., 1996) and the lithostratigraphic framework of three trace-fossil bearing sections (modified from Hippler et al ., 1999)/ Arriba, izquierda: mapa de localización de Toro Toro, departa- mento de Potosí, Bolivia, América del Sur; derecha: mapa detallado con los principales sitios icnofosilíferos. Abajo, reconstrucción paleogeográfica de América del Sur durante el Maastrichtiano (modificado de Pascual et al ., 1996) y la litoestratigrafía de tres secciones portadoras de icnofósiles (modificado de Hippler et al ., 1999).

Torotoro National Park is located in the Potosí Department of Bolivia, about 190 miles southeast of La Paz and 50 miles south of Cochabamba (as the crow flies – actual travel distances are significantly longer). Multiday tours of the park can be arranged in Cochabamba, which is about a five-hour drive from the tranquil colonial village of Torotoro, located in the far south of the national park. Alternatively, you can travel to Torotoro and stay there, using it as a base to explore the park. Entrance to the park costs Bs. 100 (about $15 US), which is valid for four days. You’ll also need to hire a guide, which is compulsory for entry to the park (going with a full group will help keep costs low). Then it’s a case of choosing one of the various circuits, and heading off to explore. Whether you go to the canyons, caverns or elsewhere, you’ll normally stop off to see dinosaur footprints on the way.

Source: www.atlasobscura.com

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